The following sections contain Functional Group Macros common to more than one IOD specification.
Note
The Attribute descriptions in the Functional Group Macros are written as if they were applicable to a single frame (i.e., the Macro is part of the Per-Frame Functional Groups Sequence). If an Attribute is applicable to all frames (i.e., the Macro is part of the Shared Functional Groups Sequence) the phrase "this frame" in the Attribute description shall be interpreted to mean "for all frames".
Table C.7.6.16-2 specifies the Attributes of the Pixel Measures Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-2. Pixel Measures Macro Attributes
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Identifies the physical characteristics of the pixels of this frame. |
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Physical distance in the imaging target (patient, specimen, or phantom) between the centers of each pixel, specified by a numeric pair - adjacent row spacing (delimiter) adjacent column spacing in mm. See Section 10.7.1.3 for further explanation of the value order. Note
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Nominal reconstructed slice thickness (for tomographic imaging) or depth of field (for optical non-tomographic imaging), in mm. See Section C.7.6.16.2.3.1 for further explanation. NoteDepth of field may be an extended depth of field created by focus stacking (see Section C.8.12.4).
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Spacing between adjacent slices, in mm. The spacing is measured from the center-to-center of each slice, and if present shall not be negative. Required if Dimension Organization Type (0020,9311) is TILED_FULL and Total Pixel Matrix Focal Planes (0048,0303) is greater than 1. May be present otherwise. NoteIn the case of Whole Slide Images, Spacing Between Slices (0018,0088) describes the spacing of focal planes separately encoded, and is distinct from Distance Between Focal Planes (0048,0014), which describes in what manner different focal planes were combined into a single encoded plane (focus stacking). |
Table C.7.6.16-3 specifies the Attributes of the Frame Content Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
This Functional Group Macro may only be part of the Per-Frame Functional Groups Sequence (5200,9230) Attribute.
Table C.7.6.16-3. Frame Content Macro Attributes
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A number identifying the single continuous gathering of data over a period of time that resulted in this frame. |
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The point in time that is most representative of when data was acquired for this frame. See Section C.7.6.16.2.2.1 and Section C.7.6.16.2.2.2 for further explanation. NoteThe synchronization of this time with an external clock is specified in the Synchronization Module in Acquisition Time Synchronized (0018,1800). Required if Frame Type (0008,9007) Value 1 of this frame is ORIGINAL, and Dimension Organization Type (0020,9311) is not TILED_FULL, and the SOP Class UID is not:
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The date and time that the acquisition of data that resulted in this frame started. See Section C.7.6.16.2.2.1 for further explanation.
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The actual amount of time [in milliseconds] that was used to acquire data for this frame. See Section C.7.6.16.2.2.1 and Section C.7.6.16.2.2.3 for further explanation. Required if Frame Type (0008,9007) Value 1 of this frame is ORIGINAL, and Dimension Organization Type (0020,9311) is not TILED_FULL, and the SOP Class UID is not:
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Description of the position in the cardiac cycle that is most representative of this frame. |
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Description of the position in the respiratory cycle that is most representative of this frame. |
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Contains the values of the indices defined in the Dimension Index Sequence (0020,9222) for this multi-frame header frame. The number of values is equal to the number of Items of the Dimension Index Sequence and shall be applied in the same order. See Section C.7.6.17.1 for a description. NoteIn Section C.7.6.17.1, the index values are defined to start from 1 and monotonically increase by 1, within the scope of the Dimension Organization UID (0020,9164). Required if the value of Dimension Index Sequence (0020,9222) exists. |
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Ordinal number (starting from 1) of the frame in the set of frames with different temporal positions. Required if the value of SOP Class UID (0008,0016) equals "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.130" or Functional MR Sequence (0018,9621) is present. May be present otherwise. See Section C.7.6.16.2.2.6 and Section C.7.6.16.2.2.8. |
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Identification of a group of frames, with different positions and/or orientations that belong together, within a dimension organization. See Section C.7.6.16.2.2.4 for further explanation. Required if the value of SOP Class UID (0008,0016) equals "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.130" or Functional MR Sequence (0018,9621) is present. May be present otherwise. See Section C.7.6.16.2.2.7 and Section C.7.6.16.2.2.8. |
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The ordinal number of a frame in a group of frames, with the same Stack ID (0020,9056). Required if Stack ID (0020,9056) or Functional MR Sequence (0018,9621) is present. See Section C.7.6.16.2.2.4 and Section C.7.6.16.2.2.8 for further explanation. |
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Label corresponding to a specific dimension index value. Selected from a set of dimension values defined by the application. This Attribute may be referenced by the Dimension Index Pointer (0020,9165) Attribute in the Multi-frame Dimension Module. See Section C.7.6.16.2.2.5 for further explanation. |
Figure C.7.6.16-2 shows the relationships among the various timing parameters used.
The Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) is used to indicate the point in time that is most representative for that specific frame.
Note
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For example, in the case of MR it might be the time of acquisition of the data for the ky = 0 line in k-space (the central Fourier segment).
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For cardiac gated acquisitions the choice of the Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) is influenced by the Nominal Cardiac Trigger Delay Time (0020,9153). For respiratory gated acquisitions the choice of the Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) is influenced by the Nominal Respiratory Trigger Delay Time (0020,9255).
The Frame Acquisition Duration (0018,9220) is used to indicate the duration of the acquisition related to this frame.
For SOP Instances or Concatenations of the Enhanced PET Image Storage SOP Class (1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.130) the Frame Acquisition Duration (0018,9220) is the sum of the portion of each cycle during which data contributing to this frame has actually been acquired for all of the cardiac or respiratory cycles of a gated acquisition (i.e., if Cardiac Synchronization Technique (0018,9037) equals other than NONE, and/or if Respiratory Motion Compensation Technique (0018,9170) equals other than NONE).
Due to implementation specific reasons (such as maximum object size) the information of a Multi-frame Image may be split into more than one SOP Instance. These SOP Instances form together a Concatenation. This is a group of SOP Instances within a Series that is uniquely identified by Concatenation UID (0020,9161).
The Dimension Index Sequence (0020,9222) for each SOP Instance with the same Concatenation UID (0020,9161) shall contain exactly the same Attributes and values.
In a Concatenation the Dimension Index Sequence (0020,9222) Items of the Shared Functional Groups Sequence (5200,9229) shall be identical and have the same values for all individual SOP Instances. The Items of the Per-Frame Functional Groups Sequence (5200,9230) shall be identical for all individual SOP Instances but the values may change per frame. For all other Attributes of all the Modules of the IOD, the same Attributes shall be present and the values shall be identical, with the exception of the following Attributes:
Note
The intent of Concatenations is to split what might have been encoded in a single SOP Instance into smaller fragments for more convenient storage or transmission. All the multiple SOP Instances of a Concatenation should be able to be assembled into a valid single SOP Instance. Hence it is not permitted to change such Attributes as Photometric Interpretation (0028,0004), Rows (0028,0010), Columns (0028,0011), etc. When multiple SOP Instances of a Concatenation are combined into a single SOP Instance, the Basic Offset Table, if populated, and the Extended Offset Table (7FE0,0001) and Extended Offset Table Lengths (7FE0,0002) Attributes, if present, need to be regenerated to match the new content of the Pixel Data attribute.
Stacks describe application-specific groups of frames that have a geometric relationship. Stacks have a Stack ID (0020,9056) that contains a descriptive name that identifies the stack. A Stack ID (0020,9056) may be re-used in another SOP Instance even outside a concatenation. The value of Stack ID (0020,9056) is unique within the scope of a particular Dimension Organization UID (0020,9164) if present, otherwise it is unique within the scope of a particular Concatenation UID (0020,9161). See Figure C.7.6.16-3 for an example.
Each frame in a stack has an In-Stack Position Number (0020,9057) that is the ordinal number (starting from 1) of the frame within the set of frames with the same Stack ID (0020,9056), see Figure C.7.6.16-4 for an example.
In order to allow interoperable operations on stacks, 2 different frames with the same Stack ID (0020,9056) can only have the same In-Stack Position Number (0020,9057) if they have the same values for the following Attributes:
The Frame Label (0020,9453) Attribute can be used to label frames that need to be handled as a group in application. The Dimension Index Pointer (0020,9165) from the Multi-frame Dimension Module may point to this Attribute if it is the base of a dimension.
For PET Dynamic images, i.e., images in which Image Type (0008,0008) Value 3 is DYNAMIC, Temporal Position Index is used to distinguish between the multiple acquisitions of the same anatomical area. Similarly, the frames that result from one acquisition over the anatomic area shall be contained in one stack. Thus, for Dynamic images, Temporal Position Index (0020,9128), Stack ID (0020,9056), and In-Stack Position Number (0020,9057) shall be used as three of the dimensions of the image, in that order.
Figure C.7.6.16-4b describes the usage for a PET dynamic image.
For static and whole body PET images, a single Stack ID (0020,9056) is used to group all of the transverse slices over the entire imaged volume together. That is, a single Stack ID (0020,9056) is used no matter how many acquisition bed positions are involved. In-Stack Position Number (0020,9057) is then used as the spatial dimension index. When rectangular sagittal, coronal or oblique images are created from these, a single Stack ID (0020,9056) is again used.
Similarly, in cardiac or respiratory gated images, the entire volume is again identified by a single Stack ID (0020,9056), and In-Stack Position Number (0020,9057) is the spatial dimension index. The time dimension is indicated by one of the timing Attributes, such as trigger delay time or respiratory phase.
For fMRI volumes the Temporal Position Index is used to distinguish between the multiple volumes acquired in time (phases of a volume) for the same Stack ID. Each frame in the volume has an In-Stack Position Number that is the ordinal number in space of each volume. See Figure C.7.6.16-4c for an example.
Table C.7.6.16-4 specifies the Attributes of the Plane Position (Patient) Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-4. Plane Position (Patient) Macro Attributes
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The x, y, and z coordinates of the upper left hand corner (center of the first voxel transmitted) of the frame, in mm. See Section C.7.6.2.1.1 and Section C.7.6.16.2.3.1 for further explanation. Note
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In the case of Volumetric Properties (0008,9206) having a value of SAMPLED, Image Position (0020,0032), Image Orientation (0020,0037) and Slice Thickness (0018,0050) shall represent the volume from which the frame was derived based on the orientation of the sampling performed.
The Image Orientation shall be the direction of the ray used for projection of the center of the plane.
The image position shall contain the x, y, and z coordinates of the intersection of the mid-plane of the sampled volume with the ray used to project the upper left hand corner of the frame.
The Slice Thickness shall contain the distance that the ray used for projection of the center of the plane traveled through the volume.
Table C.7.6.16-5 specifies the Attributes of the Plane Orientation (Patient) Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-5. Plane Orientation (Patient) Macro Attributes
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The direction cosines of the first row and the first column with respect to the patient. See Section C.7.6.2.1.1 and Section C.7.6.16.2.3.1 for further explanation. NoteIn the case of Ophthalmic Tomography Image ("1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.77.1.5.4") or Ophthalmic Optical Coherence Tomography B-scan Volume Analysis ("1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.77.1.5.8") the image orientation is specified as nominal because the coordinate system may be deformed from the Patient-based Coordinate System, and orientation values may vary across the field of the images.
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Table C.7.6.16-6 specifies the Attributes of the Referenced Image Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-6. Referenced Image Macro Attributes
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The set of images or other composite SOP Instances used to plan the acquisition, if any, and other significant related images. See Section C.7.6.16.2.5.1 for further explanation. Zero or more Items shall be included in this Sequence. |
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>Include Table 10-3 “Image SOP Instance Reference Macro Attributes” |
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Describes the purpose for which the reference is made. Only a single Item shall be included in this Sequence. Required if SOP Class UID is not "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.2.2" (Legacy Converted Enhanced CT Image Storage) and not "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.4.4" (Legacy Converted Enhanced MR Image Storage) and not "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.128.1" (Legacy Converted Enhanced PET Image Storage), may be present otherwise. See Section C.7.6.16.2.5.1 for further explanation. |
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DCID 7201 “Referenced Image Purpose of Reference”, or as specified in the IOD invocation of this Functional Group. |
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Referenced Image Sequence (0008,1140) shall be used to identify other data objects used to plan the acquisition of this image. Instances referenced for this purpose shall have the same Frame of Reference UID (0020,0052) as this image. For each Item that contains such a reference, the value of Purpose of Reference Code Sequence (0040,A170) shall be (121311, DCM, "Localizer"). Applications can use the Referenced Image Sequence (0008,1140) in combination with data in Plane Position (Patient) and Plane Orientation (Patient) Macros to provide projections of the position of an image with respect to the referenced image.
The Referenced Image Sequence (0008,1140) may also be present when references to other images (or frames within other images) are required for other reasons, as specified by Purpose of Reference Code Sequence (0040,A170).
Table C.7.6.16-7 specifies the Attributes of the Derivation Image Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-7. Derivation Image Macro Attributes
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The set of Images or other composite SOP Instances that were used to derive this frame. |
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A text description of how this frame data was derived. See Section C.12.4.1.1 for further explanation. |
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A coded description of how this frame was derived. See Section C.12.4.1.1 for further explanation. One or more Items shall be included in this Sequence. More than one Item indicates that successive derivation steps have been applied. Required if SOP Class UID is not "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.2.2" (Legacy Converted Enhanced CT Image Storage) and not "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.4.4" (Legacy Converted Enhanced MR Image Storage) and not "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.128.1" (Legacy Converted Enhanced PET Image Storage), may be present otherwise. |
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The set of Images or other Composite SOP Instances that were used to derive this frame. Zero or more Items shall be included in this Sequence. See Section C.12.4.1.2 for further explanation. |
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>>Include Table 10-3 “Image SOP Instance Reference Macro Attributes” |
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Describes the purpose for which the reference is made, that is what role the source image or frame played in the derivation of this image or frame. Only a single Item shall be included in this Sequence. Required if SOP Class UID is not "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.2.2" (Legacy Converted Enhanced CT Image Storage) and not "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.4.4" (Legacy Converted Enhanced MR Image Storage) and not "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.128.1" (Legacy Converted Enhanced PET Image Storage), may be present otherwise. |
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>>>Include Table 8.8-1 “Code Sequence Macro Attributes” |
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The extent to which the spatial locations of all pixels are preserved during the processing of the source image that resulted in the current image or frame. Enumerated Values: Note
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The Patient Orientation values of the source image. Required if the value of Spatial Locations Preserved (0028,135A) is REORIENTED_ONLY. |
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Table C.7.6.16-8 specifies the Attributes of the Cardiac Synchronization Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-8. Cardiac Synchronization Macro Attributes
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Sequence that describes the frame specific cardiac synchronization parameters. |
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The nominal time relative to the preceding R peak divided by the nominal R-R interval multiplied by 100. Required if used as a dimension index, may be present otherwise. |
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The nominal time in ms from the time of the previous R-peak to the value of Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) expressed as a positive value. See Section C.7.6.16.2.7.1 for further explanation. |
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The actual time in ms from the time of the previous R-peak to the value of Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) expressed as a positive value. See Section C.7.6.16.2.7.1 for further explanation. Required if Intervals Acquired (0018,1083) is present and has a value of 1. May be present otherwise. |
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The nominal time in ms from the time of the next R-peak to the value of Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) expressed as a negative value. See Section C.7.6.16.2.7.1 for further explanation. |
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The actual time in ms from the time of the next R-peak to the value of Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) expressed as a negative value. See Section C.7.6.16.2.7.1 for further explanation. |
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Average number of heart beats per minute for the collection period for this frame. This shall include all accepted beats as well as rejected beats. |
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Nominal R-peak - R-peak interval time in ms for the cardiac cycle used for the acquisition of this frame. See Section C.7.6.16.2.7.1 for further explanation. Required if Cardiac Synchronization Technique (0018,9037) equals other than NONE or REALTIME. May be present otherwise. |
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The Nominal Cardiac Trigger Delay Time (0020,9153) is the nominal trigger delay time in ms from the previous R-peak to the value of Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151). When frames are acquired with prospective gating, that is, the data acquisition actually begins in response to a timed delay from the R-peak, it may be that Actual Cardiac Trigger Delay Time (0020,9252) and the Nominal Cardiac Trigger Delay Time (0020,9153) have the same value.
However, when frames are the result of retrospective gating, that is, the data is continuously acquired and then later compared with a simultaneously acquired ECG waveform and fitted into time slots corresponding to nominal phases of the cardiac cycle, then Nominal Cardiac Trigger Delay Time (0020,9153) and the Actual Cardiac Trigger Delay Time (0020,9252) may have different values. When applicable the same is valid for the Nominal Cardiac Trigger Time Prior to R-peak (0020,9154) and the Actual Cardiac Trigger Time Prior to R-peak (0020,9155) Attributes.
When multiple cardiac cycles are averaged together, then the Low R-R Value (0018,1081), and High R-R Value (0018,1082) are an average of the cardiac cycles that were accepted in the frame.
Note
For cardiac gated acquisitions the choice of the Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) is influenced by the Nominal Cardiac Trigger Delay Time (0020,9153). For respiratory gated acquisitions the choice of the Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) is influenced by the Nominal Respiratory Trigger Delay Time (0020,9255).
Figure C.7.6.16-5a depicts the usage.
Nominal Cardiac Trigger Time Prior to R-peak (0020,9154) and the Actual Cardiac Trigger Time Prior to R-peak (0020,9155) Attributes can be used to store a time of the next R-peak to the value of Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151) expressed as a negative value. In this case the Actual Cardiac Trigger Delay Time (0020,9252), when present, and the Nominal Cardiac Trigger Delay Time (0020,9153) shall contain a value calculated based on the R-R interval applicable for this frame. See Figure C.7.6.16-5b.
Table C.7.6.16-9 specifies the Attributes of the Frame Anatomy Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-9. Frame Anatomy Macro Attributes
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Laterality of (possibly paired) body parts (as described in Anatomic Region Sequence (0008,2218)) examined. NoteThis Attribute is mandatory, in order to ensure that frames maybe positioned correctly relative to one another for display. Shall be consistent with any laterality information contained in Primary Anatomic Structure Modifier Sequence (0008,2230), if present. |
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>Include Table 10-5 “General Anatomy Mandatory Macro Attributes” |
Anatomic Region Sequence DCID 4030 “CT, MR and PET Anatomy Imaged”. Anatomic Region Modifier Sequence (0008,2220) DCID 2 “Anatomic Modifier”. Primary Anatomic Structure Modifier Sequence (0008,2230) DCID 2 “Anatomic Modifier”. |
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Table C.7.6.16-10 specifies the Attributes of the Pixel Value Transformation Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-10. Pixel Value Transformation Macro Attributes
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Contains the Attributes involved in the transformation of stored pixel values. |
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The value b in relationship between stored values (SV) and the output units. |
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m in the equation specified by Rescale Intercept (0028,1052). |
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Specifies the output units of Rescale Slope (0028,1053) and Rescale Intercept (0028,1052). See Section C.11.1.1.2 for further explanation. |
Note
Window Center (0028,1050) and Window Width (0028,1051) are applied after Rescale Slope (0028,1053) and Rescale Intercept (0028,1054) have been applied to Stored Pixel Values, see Section C.11.2.1.2.
Table C.7.6.16-10b specifies the Attributes of the Identity Pixel Value Transformation Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Note
This Macro constrains the Modality LUT Transformation step in the grayscale rendering pipeline to be an identity transformation.
Table C.7.6.16-10b. Identity Pixel Value Transformation Macro Attributes
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Contains the Attributes involved in the transformation of stored pixel values. |
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The value b in relationship between stored values (SV) and the output units. |
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m in the equation specified by Rescale Intercept (0028,1052). |
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Specifies the output units of Rescale Slope (0028,1053) and Rescale Intercept (0028,1052). See Section C.11.1.1.2 for further explanation. |
Table C.7.6.16-11 specifies the Attributes of the Frame VOI LUT Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-11. Frame VOI LUT Macro Attributes
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Window Center for display. See Section C.11.2.1.2 for further explanation. |
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Window Width for display. See Section C.11.2.1.2 for further explanation. |
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Describes a VOI LUT function to apply to the values of Window Center (0028,1050) and Window Width (0028,1051). See Section C.11.2.1.3 for further explanation. When this Attribute is not present, the interpretation of the values of Window Center (0028,1050) and Window Width (0028,1051) is linear as in Section C.11.2.1.2. |
Table C.7.6.16-11b specifies the Attributes of the Frame VOI LUT With LUT Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro. This Macro contains one or more sets of linear or sigmoid window values and/or one or more sets of lookup tables.
Table C.7.6.16-11b. Frame VOI LUT with LUT Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16-12 specifies the Attributes of the Real World Value Mapping Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-12. Real World Value Mapping Macro Attributes
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The mapping of stored values to associated Real World values. |
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>Include Table C.7.6.16-12b “Real World Value Mapping Item Macro Attributes” |
Measurement Units Code Sequence DCID 82 “Measurement Unit”, or as specified in the Macro invocation. |
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Table C.7.6.16-12b. Real World Value Mapping Item Macro Attributes
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Specifies the first stored value mapped for the Real Word Value Intercept (0040,9224) and Real World Value Slope (0040,9225) or Real World Value LUT Data (0040,9212) of this Item. Required if Pixel Data (7FE0,0010) or Real World Value LUT Data (0040,9212) is present or Double Float Real World Value First Value Mapped (0040,9214) is absent. NoteThis Attribute may be used even when Float Pixel Data (7FE0,0008) or Double Float Pixel Data (7FE0,0009) are used instead of Pixel Data (7FE0,0010) if an integer of the size of this Attribute is sufficient to define the range. See Section C.7.6.16.2.11.1 for further explanation. |
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Specifies the last stored value mapped for the Real Word Value Intercept (0040,9224) and Real World Value Slope (0040,9225) or Real World Value LUT Data (0040,9212) of this Item. Required if Pixel Data (7FE0,0010) or Real World Value LUT Data (0040,9212) is present or Double Float Real World Value Last Value Mapped (0040,9213) is absent. NoteThis Attribute may be used even when Float Pixel Data (7FE0,0008) or Double Float Pixel Data (7FE0,0009) are used instead of Pixel Data (7FE0,0010) if an integer of the size of this Attribute is sufficient to define the range. See Section C.7.6.16.2.11.1 for further explanation. |
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Specifies the first stored value mapped for the Real Word Value Intercept (0040,9224) and Real World Value Slope (0040,9225) of this Item. Required if Real World Value First Value Mapped (0040,9216) is absent. |
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Specifies the last stored value mapped for the Real Word Value Intercept (0040,9224) and Real World Value Slope (0040,9225) of this Item. Required if Real World Value Last Value Mapped (0040,9211) is absent. |
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The Intercept value in relationship between stored values (SV) and the Real World values. See Section C.7.6.16.2.11.1.2 for further explanation. Required if Float Pixel Data (7FE0,0008) or Double Float Pixel Data (7FE0,0009) are present or Real World Value LUT Data (0040,9212) is not present. |
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The Slope value in relationship between stored values (SV) and the Real World Values. See Section C.7.6.16.2.11.1.2 for further explanation. Required if Float Pixel Data (7FE0,0008) or Double Float Pixel Data (7FE0,0009) are present or Real World Value LUT Data (0040,9212) is not present. |
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Required if Real World Value Intercept (0040,9224) is not present. |
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Free form text explanation of the meaning of the transformation in this Item. |
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Label that is used to identify the transformation of this Item. |
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Only a single Item shall be included in this Sequence. See Section C.7.6.16.2.11.1 for further explanation. |
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DCID 7181 “Abstract Multi-dimensional Image Model Component Unit”, or as specified in the Macro invocation. |
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A list of name-value pairs that describe the characteristics of the quantity represented by the Real World Value. |
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>Include Table 10.2.1-1 “Content Item with Modifiers Macro Attributes” |
BTID 15400 “Real-World Quantity Definition”. Other TIDs may be defined by the IOD or application that uses this Macro. |
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The Items in the Real World Value Mapping Sequence (0040,9096) may be used to translate stored values into Real World Values when there is such a relationship. The Real World Value Mapping Sequence (0040,9096) is independent of the Modality LUT (or Pixel Value Transformation Macro), as illustrated in Figure C.7.6.16-6.
Each Item specifies the range of stored values as well as the associated mapping function. Each Item can specify either a linear mapping, using Real World Value Slope (0040,9225) and Real World Value Intercept (0040,9224), or a non-linear mapping using Real World Value LUT Data (0040,9212). More than one Real World Value Mapping Item is allowed.
The range of stored pixel values specified by different Real Value World Mapping Sequence (0040,9096) Items can overlap (as illustrated in the example in Figure C.7.6.16-7).
Note
For example, MR images may contain data that is not only the result of the physical/chemical properties of the scanned anatomy, but may also contain information that is representing Real World Values, such as, temperature [in degrees C], flow [in l/min], speed [in m/sec], relative activity [in %], relative contrast enhancement [in %], diffusion [in sec/mm2], etc.
In some cases the conversion from Stored Values to Real World Values can be linear (through "slope" and "intercept") or non-linear (through look-up tables).
Both transformation methods can be applied to one range of stored values. Overlapped ranges might be used for different representations such as log versus linear scales or for different representations in units such as cm/sec versus mm/sec. Alternative methods can be identified by the labels assigned to the transformations.
The Real World Value First Value Mapped (0040,9216) and Real World Value Last Value Mapped (0040,9211) Attributes describe the range of stored pixel values that are mapped by the Sequence Item. Stored pixel values less than the first value mapped, or greater than the last value mapped have no real value attached.
When the Real World Value Intercept (0040,9224) and Real World Value Slope (0040,9225) Attributes are supplied, the stored value (SV) is converted to a Real World Value (RV) using the equation:
RV = (Real World Value Slope) * SV + Real World Value Intercept
When the Real World Value LUT Data (0040,9212) Attribute is supplied, Real World Values are obtained via a lookup operation. The stored pixel value of the first value mapped is mapped to the first entry in the LUT Data. Subsequent stored pixel values are mapped to the subsequent entries in the LUT Data up to a stored pixel value equal to the last value mapped.
The number of entries in the LUT data is given by:
Number of entries = Real World Value Last Value Mapped- Real World Value First Value Mapped + 1
Note
If the stored pixel values that are encoded as floating point rather than integer values, only the equation and not the lookup operation is defined.
The Value Representation of Real World Value First Value Mapped (0040,9216) and Real World Value Last Value Mapped (0040,9211) (US or SS) is determined by the value of Pixel Representation (0028,0103) in the case of integer pixel data, or is SS in the case of floating point pixel data if these Attributes are present.
Note
In practice, integer values may well be sufficient to define an input range that exceeds the actual stored floating point pixel value range. The reason to permit floating point alternatives to an integer range is that sometimes the stored floating point values may be very large and exceed what can be specified as an integer value.
The physical units for the Real World Values obtained from the Sequence Item are given by the Measurement Units Code Sequence (0040,08EA).
The quantity that the Real World Values represent may be described by the Quantity Definition Sequence (0040,9220), which consists of a list of name-value pairs, in which the coded concept name specifies what aspect of the physical quantity is being described.
Note
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For example, Relative Regional Blood Flow may be described by units and quantity as follows:
Additional information about how the relative blood flow was derived, e.g., the reference region used, can also be encoded as name-value pairs in the Quantity Definition Sequence (0040,9220). See the example in Annex EEEE “Encoding Diffusion Model Parameters for Parametric Maps and ROI Measurements (Informative)” in PS3.17.
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For example, the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) may be described by units and quantity as follows:
Additional information about how the ADC was derived, e.g., the model used, method of fitting and acquisition b-values used, can also be encoded as name-value pairs in the Quantity Definition Sequence (0040,9220). Other diffusion models and quantities are also defined. See the example in Annex EEEE “Encoding Diffusion Model Parameters for Parametric Maps and ROI Measurements (Informative)” in PS3.17.
The Quantity Definition Sequence (0040,9220) describes only the stored pixel values that are mapped using the Real World Values Mapping, and does not describe derived values from multiple pixels to which the Real World Values Mapping applies.
Note
I.e., the mapping is a "point" operation, and as a consequence various modifiers that might be applied to a group of pixels, such as in an ROI, should not be used. E.g., an ROI encoded in a Structured Report using TID 1419 "ROI Measurements" might be the mean or maximum value (e.g., SUVbw mean or SUVbw max), and be encoded with (121401, DCM, "Derivation") = (373098007, SCT, "Mean") or (56851009, SCT, "Maximum"), respectively. These would not be appropriate to use within Quantity Definition Sequence (0040,9220), unless the individual pixel values were themselves derived in such a manner, e.g., when multiple images are averaged together. Thus the Content Items used in an SR to describe an ROI might be a superset of the name-value pairs used in Quantity Definition Sequence (0040,9220).
Table C.7.16-13 specifies the Attributes of the Contrast/Bolus Usage Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.16-13. Contrast/Bolus Usage Macro Attributes
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Contains the Attributes describing the use of contrast for this frame. |
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Identifying number corresponding to the agent described in the Enhanced Contrast/Bolus Module. |
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The administration of the selected agent had begun by the time this frame was acquired. |
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The selected agent was detected in the frame. May only be zero length if the acquisition device is not capable of detecting the presence of this contrast agent in the frame. |
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Nominal phase of intravenous contrast administration. Defined Terms: Required if Contrast/Bolus Administration Route Sequence (0018,0014) for the Contrast/Bolus Agent Number (0018,9337) defined in the Contrast/Bolus Agent Sequence (0018,0012) is (47625008, SCT, "Intravenous route") or (47625008, SCT, "Intravenous route"); may be present otherwise. |
Table C.7.6.16-14 specifies the Attributes of the Pixel Intensity Relationship LUT Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-14. Pixel Intensity Relationship LUT Macro Attributes
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Defines a Sequence of Pixel Intensity Relationship LUTs. One or more Items shall be included in this Sequence. If Pixel Intensity Relationship (0028,1040) value equals LOG, exactly one Item with LUT Function (0028,9474) value TO_LINEAR LUT shall be present; other Items with other values of LUT Function (0028,9474) may be present. |
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Specifies the format of the LUT Data in this Sequence. See Section C.11.1.1 and Section C.7.6.16.2.13.1 for further explanation. |
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The transformation function this LUT applies to the stored pixel values. |
The purpose of this Pixel Intensity Relationship LUT Sequence is to provide information to recalculate the pixel values proportional to the X-Ray beam intensity from the stored pixel values. It is intended to be used by any application that needs transformed pixel values (e.g., scaled back to acquired pixel values) pixel values for further processing and not as replacement of the Modality LUT in the display pipeline, see Figure C.7.6.16-7a.
Table C.7.6.16-15 specifies the Attributes of the Frame Pixel Shift Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-15. Frame Pixel Shift Macro Attributes
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Sequence containing the pixel shift for a number of masks for this frame. |
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Identifier of the Subtraction Item in the Mask Subtraction Sequence (0028,6100) to which this pixel shift is associated. |
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A pair of floating point numbers specifying the fractional vertical [adjacent row spacing] and horizontal [adjacent column spacing] pixel shift applied to the mask before subtracting it from this contrast frame. See Section C.7.6.10.1.2. |
Subtraction Item ID (0028,9416) specifies the ID of a subtraction operation to which the Mask Sub-pixel Shift (0028,6114) is associated. The Subtraction Item ID is also present in the Mask Subtraction Sequence (0028,6100) to allow this association.
When used as per-frame Macro, the Subtraction Item ID (0028,9416) allows to specify different values of Mask Sub-pixel Shift (0028,6114) individually frame by frame, and relate them to a single Item of the Mask Subtraction Sequence (0028,6100).
Note
There is no restriction in the number of Subtraction Item ID's associated to each contrast frame. The same contrast frame may be present in several Items of the Mask Subtraction Sequence, each Item having a different value of Subtraction Item ID.
When used as shared Macro, the Subtraction Item ID (0028,9416) allows to specify one or more values of Mask Sub-pixel Shift that will be applied to all the frames of the Multi-frame Image.
Note
Example of usage of Subtraction Item ID in a per-frame Macro, see Figure C.7.6.16-8:
In this example of Multi-frame Image with 3 frames, one Mask Frame (i.e., Frame 1) is applied to the next two frames of the Multi-frame Image (i.e., Frames 2 and 3). Therefore, there is only one Item in the Mask Subtraction Sequence, containing its own Subtraction Item ID value (i.e., 100). The Frame Pixel Shift Macro allows to define a Mask Sub-Pixel Shift different for each contrast frame.
First Frame Subtracted: Subtraction of Frame 1 (Mask) to Frame 2, with Sub-Pixel Shift 1.3\2.4
Second Frame Subtracted: Subtraction of Frame 1 (Mask) to Frame 3, with Sub-Pixel Shift 1.9\3.0
Table C.7.6.16-16 specifies the Attributes of the Patient Orientation in Frame Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-16. Patient Orientation in Frame Macro Attributes
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Sequence containing the row and column directions for this frame in the patient. |
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Patient direction of the rows and columns of this frame. See Section C.7.6.1.1.1 for further explanation. |
Table C.7.6.16-17 specifies the Attributes of the Frame Display Shutter, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-17. Frame Display Shutter Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16-18 specifies the Attributes of the Respiratory Synchronization Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-18. Respiratory Synchronization Macro Attributes
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Sequence that describes the frame specific respiratory synchronization parameters. |
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Measured interval time in ms from maximum respiration peak to the next peak for the respiratory cycle in which this frame occurs. See Section C.7.6.16.2.17.1 for further explanation. Required if Respiratory Motion Compensation Technique (0018,9170) equals other than NONE or REALTIME and Respiratory Trigger Type (0020,9250) is absent or has a value of TIME or BOTH. |
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The nominal time relative to the preceding respiratory inspiration maximum divided by the nominal respiratory interval multiplied by 100. Required if used as a dimension index, may be present otherwise. |
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The nominal time in ms from the beginning of the respiratory interval to the value of Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151). See Section C.7.6.16.2.17.1 for further explanation. |
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The actual time in ms from the beginning of the respiratory interval to the value of Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151). See Section C.7.6.16.2.17.1 for further explanation. Required if Respiratory Trigger Type (0020,9250) is TIME or BOTH. |
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Nominal amplitude of the respiratory signal at which the acquisition of data for this frame begins, in percent of the nominal maximum value (which represents maximum inspiration). Required if Respiratory Trigger Type (0020,9250) is AMPLITUDE or BOTH. |
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The phase of respiration at which the Starting Respiratory Amplitude (0020,9246) was measured. Required if Starting Respiratory Amplitude (0020,9246) is present. |
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Nominal amplitude of the respiratory signal at which the acquisition of data for this frame ends, in percent of the nominal maximum value (which represents maximum inspiration). Required if Respiratory Trigger Type (0020,9250) is AMPLITUDE or BOTH. |
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The phase of respiration at which the Ending Respiratory Amplitude (0020,9248) was measured. Required if Ending Respiratory Amplitude (0020,9248) is present. |
For time based respiratory gating, the Nominal Respiratory Trigger Delay Time (0020,9255) is the prescribed trigger delay time in ms from the previous Respiratory-peak to the value of Frame Reference DateTime (0018,9151). When frames are acquired with prospective gating, that is, the data acquisition actually begins in response to a timed delay from the Respiratory trigger, it may be that Actual Respiratory Trigger Delay Time (0020,9257) and the Nominal Respiratory Trigger Delay Time (0020,9255) have the same value.
However, when frames are the result of retrospective gating, that is, the data is continuously acquired and then later compared with a simultaneously acquired respiratory waveform and fitted into bins corresponding to nominal phases of the respiratory cycle, then Nominal Respiratory Trigger Delay Time (0020,9255) and the Actual Respiratory Trigger Delay Time (0020,9257) may have different values.
Figure C.7.6.16-9a and Figure C.7.6.16-9b depict the usage.
Table C.7.6.16-19 specifies the Attributes of the Irradiation Event Identification Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16-19. Irradiation Event Identification Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16.2-20 specifies the Attributes of the Radiopharmaceutical Usage Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16.2-20. Radiopharmaceutical Usage Macro Attributes
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Identifying number corresponding to the radiopharmaceutical described in the Enhanced PET Isotope Module. |
Table C.7.6.16.2-21 specifies the Attributes of the Patient Physiological State Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro, which describes the physiological state of the patient.
Table C.7.6.16.2-21. Patient Physiological State Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16.2.21-1 specifies the Attributes of the Plane Position (Volume) Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16.2.21-1. Plane Position (Volume) Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16.2.22-1 specifies the Attributes of the Plane Orientation (Volume) Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16.2.22-1. Plane Orientation (Volume) Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16.2.23-1 specifies the Attributes of the Temporal Position Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16.2.23-1. Temporal Position Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16.2.24-1 specifies the Attributes of the Image Data Type Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16.2.24-1. Image Data Type Macro Attributes
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Identification of the data type of a frame. See Section C.7.6.16.2.24.1 for Defined Terms and further explanation. |
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Indicates whether this data type is "aliased". See Section C.7.6.16.2.24.2 for further explanation. |
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Data value at which velocity is zero. See Section C.7.6.16.2.24.3 for further information. Required if Data Type (0018,9808) is TISSUE_VELOCITY, FLOW_VELOCITY or DIRECTION_POWER. May be present otherwise. |
Data Type (0018,9808) indicates the data type of an image frame. Table C.7.6.16.2.24.1-1 lists Defined Terms for this value.
Table C.7.6.16.2.24.1-1. Data Type Defined Terms
Some data types require special treatment when interpolating data values whose type is "aliased", such as FLOW_VELOCITY when derived from discrete data samples as is done for PW Doppler or sampled CW Doppler. Values of these types are "cyclical" in that the maximum value should be considered adjacent to the minimum value in any interpolation algorithm. Aliased Data Type (0018,980B) indicates whether modular arithmetic is necessary for the associated data type.
Note
For example, when Data Type (0018,9808) is FLOW_VELOCITY, Aliased Data Type (0018,980B) should be set to YES indicating that an interpolation algorithm should support aliased data. When several FLOW_VELOCITY values near the maximum or minimum are interpolated, this algorithm should produce a value near the maximum or minimum. It would be incorrect to use an interpolation algorithm such as the arithmetic mean, which would erroneously produce a result near the mid-point of the range.
Certain data types represent velocity that is directional by nature. For these data types, there shall be one particular pixel data value that corresponds to zero velocity. Zero Velocity Pixel Value (0018,9810) indicates the pixel data value corresponding to zero velocity.
The VR of Zero Velocity Pixel Value (0018,9810) corresponds to the value of Pixel Representation (0028,0103): If Pixel Representation (0028,0103) is 0000H (unsigned integer), the VR of Zero Velocity Pixel Value (0018,9810) shall be US; otherwise the VR of Zero Velocity Pixel Value (0018,9810) shall be SS.
Attributes that are present in the Classic images to be converted but that are not defined in specific Modules or specific Functional Groups required or supported by the IOD, or have their values changed during conversion, either may:
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be identical in all images, in which case they shall be included in the top level Data Set or in the Unassigned Shared Converted Attributes Sequence (0020,9170), or
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only be present in some images, or have a different number of values, or different values, in which case they shall be included in the Unassigned Per-Frame Converted Attributes Sequence (0020,9171).
Note
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An example of an Attribute that might be included in the Unassigned Shared Converted Attributes Macro is Filter Type (0018,1160), which typically would be the same for all Classic CT images in a set, and is not included in any modality-specific Module or Functional Group Macro.
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An example of an Attribute that might be included in the Unassigned Per-Frame Converted Attributes Macro is Slice Location (0020,1041), which typically would be different for each Classic CT image in a set, and is not included in any modality-specific Module or Functional Group Macro.
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An example of an Attribute that might be included in the Unassigned Shared Converted Attributes Macro is Series Number (0020,0011), which typically would be the same for all Classic CT images in a set (but is not required to be), and will be replaced with a different value in the top-level Data Set, and hence if the original is to be preserved, needs to be recorded.
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An example of an Attribute that might be included in the Unassigned Per-Frame Converted Attributes Macro is Instance Number (0020,0013), which typically would be different for each Classic CT image in a set, and will be replaced with a different value in the top-level Data Set, and hence if the original is to be preserved, needs to be recorded.
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The UIDs of the converted Instances are recorded in the Conversion Source Attributes Sequence, and are not included in the Unassigned Shared Converted Attributes Macro and Unassigned Per-Frame Converted Attributes Macro.
For the purpose of comparing values, an Attribute that is not present in a Classic image to be converted is considered the same as an Attribute that is present but has no value. Sequence Attributes match when they have the same number of Items and Item contents in the same order (irrespective of whether the Sequences or Items are encoded with fixed or variable length).
The Unassigned Shared Converted Attributes Sequence (0020,9170), and the Unassigned Per-Frame Converted Attributes Sequence (0020,9171) may be absent, if there are no such Attributes available to be included. E.g., there may be no shared Attributes with the same values, all the shared Attributes may be included in the top-level Data Set, there may be no Attributes that vary per-frame or an individual frame may have no such Attribute.
The necessary Private Creator Data Element within each Sequence Item accompanies Private Data Elements. There is no requirement to preserve the private block of Data Elements used in the Classic images to be converted. Nor is there a requirement that a Private Data Element use the same private block in all of the Classic images.
Matching of Private Attribute Values for the purpose of determining whether they are shared or per-frame may be performed using the equivalent meaning if the Value Representation is Explicit and not UN, or known through other means, otherwise, byte matching of the UN VR shall be performed.
Table C.7.6.16.2.25.1-1 specifies the Attributes of the Unassigned Shared Converted Attributes Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16.2.25.1-1. Unassigned Shared Converted Attributes Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16.2.25.2-1 specifies the Attributes of the Unassigned Per-Frame Converted Attributes Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16.2.25.2-1. Unassigned Per-Frame Converted Attributes Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16.2.25.2-1 specifies the Attributes of the Image Frame Conversion Source Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16.2.25.3-1. Image Frame Conversion Source Macro Attributes
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The image or other composite SOP Instance that was converted to this frame. |
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>Include Table 10-3 “Image SOP Instance Reference Macro Attributes” |
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Table C.7.6.16.2.26-1 defines the Attributes of the Stored Value Color Range Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro.
Table C.7.6.16.2.26-1. Stored Value Color Range Macro Attributes
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Specifies the range of stored pixel values of this frame mapped using the Palette Color LUT. |
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Minimum Stored Value to map. See Section C.7.6.16.2.26.1. |
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Maximum Stored Value to map. See Section C.7.6.16.2.26.1. |
The voxel values of the Parametric Map shall be mapped to RGB values using the following transformation.
All values smaller than Minimum Stored Value Mapped (0028,1231) shall be treated as equal to this minimum value.
All values larger than Maximum Stored Value Mapped (0028,1232) shall be treated as equal to this maximum value.
The values between Minimum Stored Value Mapped (0028,1231) and Maximum Stored Value Mapped (0028,1232) shall be mapped to the Palette Color LUT using a linear interpolation function.
Note
The Palette Color LUT can be segmented and interpolation needs to accommodate the segmentation.
In case of floating point mapping the second value of the Palette Color Lookup Table Descriptor is not used in the mapping as the Minimum Stored Value Mapped (0028,1231) is used as start value for the LUT values.
Table C.7.6.16.2.27-1 specifies the Attributes of the Frame Usefulness Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro, related to the clinical usefulness of the current frame.
Table C.7.6.16.2.27-1. Frame Usefulness Functional Group Macro Attributes
Table C.7.6.16.2.28-1 specifies the Attributes of the Camera Position Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro, related to the position of the camera or the acquisition device for the current frame, with regards to the patient.
Table C.7.6.16.2.28-1. Camera Position Functional Group Macro Attributes
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Sequence that contains the Functional Groups Sequence Attributes corresponding to the current frame or audio sample. |
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Position of the viewpoint in volume space. A point (x,y,z) in the Frame Reference Coordinate System referenced in the Frame of Reference Module. |
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Point the viewpoint is looking at. A point (x,y,z) in the Frame Reference Coordinate System referenced in the Frame of Reference Module. |
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Vertical orientation of the view. A vector (x,y,z) in the Frame Reference Coordinate System referenced in the Frame of Reference Module. |
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The field of view specified as a 6-tuple of values (X left, X right, Y top, Y bottom, Distance near, Distance far) in the Viewpoint Coordinate System, in mm. See Section C.11.30.1. |
Table C.7.6.16.2.29-1 specifies the Attributes of the Time of Frame Macro, which is used as a Functional Group Macro, related to the time of frame.
Table C.7.6.16.2.29-1. Time of Frame Functional Group Macro Attributes